Condoms should be distributed in schools: agree or disagree Essay

The subject of sex is a questionable issue particularly among young people. Young people are at a point in their lives where hormones are at a high and they want to enjoy sexual exercises. Consequently it is significant that young people comprehend the significance of safe sex and the results of unprotected sex. There are numerous elements influencing Jamaican secondary school understudies as they progressively take an interest in unprotected sexual acts and as such condoms ought to be dispersed as they help to diminish these variables; primarily the high teenager pregnancy rate, the high STD/STI rate and furthermore the ineffectualness of forbearance. The main central point looked by secondary school understudies is young pregnancy. As indicated by (Guttmacher Institute, 2010), youngsters (matured 15â€19) who don't utilize a preventative during sex are twice as liable to become high schooler moms; this has become the most up to date pattern among adolescent young ladies. It has likewise been seen among wellbeing specialists that there is a critical ascent in young pregnancies, as indicated by (Watson, 2011) from the Jamaican Gleaner; juvenile pregnancy keeps on being a significant general wellbeing challenge in Jamaica, around 18 percent of youngsters conceived in Jamaica are credited to pre-adult young ladies and as such condoms ought to be circulated in schools as a counter measure. Watson additionally expressed that more than 60 of each 100 pregnancies (66.2 percent) among youthful young ladies in the age bunch 15-19 years were spontaneous in 2008. Because of these discoveries it can plainly be seen that there is a requirement for condoms to be appropriated in schools to help decrease/control the high school pregnancy rate. The subsequent main consideration is explicitly transmitted illnesses usually known as STD’s. As indicated by (Hirsch, L, MD, 2010) STD’s have gotten progressively basic among youngsters. It is notable that latex condoms are the main type of conception prevention that decreases the danger of getting a STD, and must be utilized without fail. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012 backings this by expressing that the right and predictable utilization of male latex condoms can decrease the danger of STD transmission, including HIV contamination. Therefore, condoms ought to be made promptly accessible to understudies. An investigation done by (Horn and Keough, 2012) detailed thatâ 12 million instances of explicitly transmitted illnesses happen every year, 3 million (or 25 percent) are among adolescents around 13 percent of youth ages 13 to 19 agreement a STD every year; this is an extremely high level of young people, if condoms somehow managed to be disseminated there would be a noteworthy decline. Another central point is the expanding insufficiency of forbearance programs. Understudies have started to disregard this message as they investigate their sexuality. As indicated by (Toledo, 2011) schools utilizing restraint just sex training programs have fundamentally higher young pregnancy and birth rates than schools with increasingly far reaching sex instruction programs. Supporting this is (Douglas, 2008) who states considers show that most restraint programs didn't postpone inception of sex and just 3 of 9 had any critical constructive outcomes on any sexual conduct. In the event that we can't persuade understudies to avoid sexual exercises, we ought to advance safe sex in schools by conveying condoms. An article composed by (Stepp, 2007) bolsters this by expressing that an investigation approved by Congress in the United States of America in 1997 after 2000 youngsters from rudimentary or center school to secondary school presumed that restraint just sex training doesn't shield adolescents from engaging in sexual relations. Some may contend that condoms ought not be circulated in secondary schools since they advance sexual exercises and furthermore because of the way that schools are organizations of instruction. As per (Cullinan, 2004), there will be an issue if educators convey condoms, as they will be believed to advance sexual movement. Cullinan futher states that instruction is tied in with giving data; we can give the data about condoms and where to get them, however they ought not be appropriated in schools. Notwithstanding, I accept that giving data isn't sufficient, it is better that condoms are effectively accessible to understudies. Condoms don't advance sexual movement, they simply give insurance; (Quigle, 2003) states that condom accessibility was not related with more prominent sexual action among youths however was related with more prominent condom use among the individuals who were at that point explicitly dynamic. Supporting this is (Fisher, 2011) who expresses that pediatric investigations show the accessibility of condoms doesn't increment sexual action however can diminish unintended pregnancy, explicitly transmitted sicknesses and HIV. All in all, I accept that appropriating condoms in secondary school is an extraordinary initial step as there are numerous elements influencing Jamaican secondary school understudies as they progressively take part inâ unprotected sexual acts and as such condoms ought to be circulated as they help to decrease these variables; primarily the high youngster pregnancy rate, the high STD/STI rate and furthermore the insufficiency of forbearance.

Beauty pageants Essay

What number of you have heard or seen of the unscripted television show Toddler and Tiaras ? It’s a show where babies and small kids predominantly young ladies, make that big appearance wearing make up, splash tans, nails done, counterfeit hair and phony teeth. They are to be decided on their excellence, character and outfits. Parental aspirations can make there kids socially detached with other youngsters and at times intellectually and truly depleted. Guardians have gone to limits to make their youngster the best. The youthful babies are contending worldwide to be made a decision about dependent on looks, balance, flawlessness, and confidents, From as youthful as a half year old. Excellence exhibitions inside youngsters are exploitive on the grounds that they elevate a materialistic conviction to little youngsters, harming confidence, and consolation to be â€Å"divas.† The object of kid magnificence events is to win cash, a major crown, and infrequently different prizes like a jumping castle or a teddy bear. During the occasions, little youngsters are censured by decided as they jump in front of an audience wearing scanty garments, shaking the butt while making kiddy faces. The guardians mentor their little children to win, regardless of what the expense. Moms enlist make-up craftsman and hairdresser to ensure their youngster looks better then the others. The young ladies have â€Å"rivalries† with different young ladies who do shows and they aren’t even 8 years of age yet! They will actually search out their opposition to disclose to them that they’re appalling and state that they’re going to lose. Empowering such serious nature in little youngsters could persist to when they’re more established. Life isn’t about continually winning, and individuals shouldn’t be telling their children that! Excellence events wrongly show little babies and youngsters that the best way to be upbeat is to win and be great. A small kid getting splash tanned, bogus nails, bogus eyelashes and they resemble 2 and detest it, is unquestionably off-base! That is to say, building up your child in make up and afterward letting them know they’re wonderful isn’t right. Its occasionally not the children’s wish to do these events, it is the guardians (the moms) want to give their little girl something that perhaps the mother would never achieve herself. â€Å"A San Francisco mum is infusing her multi year old little girl with botox to dispose of wrinkles and she demands that she’s by all account not the only mum who’s doing it. The agony 8-year-old Britney Campbell portrays doesn’t originate from tumbling off her bicycle, or losing a tooth-yet from this: Botox infusions regulated by her Mother. Campbell†s mother says she fired giving the infusions to stay aware of the magnificence take-all universe of the expo circuit a thought planted by other event mums. Photographs taken during one of Britney’s Botox medicines †catch exactly how awkward a grown-up corrective strategy can be.† Kid magnificence expos have kids spruced up in improper attire. A couple of models from Toddlers and Tiaras are; a young lady spruced up as a whore from Pretty Women and a girl’s mother placing in counterfeit bosoms and phony butt cushioning for her Dolly Parton ability schedule. The mum said â€Å"she was simply filling the role. She had no clue what she was doing.† Exactly! The kid has no Clue what’s she’s doing. Most ensembles have cuts in the sides or in the back that uncover a great deal of skin. This is showing little youngsters that dressing along these lines is alright. When they’re more established, they may wear garments that is comparative, in spite of the fact that it’s not fitting at that age either. Additionally, these guardians are presenting their young ladies to conceivable pedophilia. Rivalries demonstrating young ladies skipping around in meager dresses. Some little, guiltless exhibition young lady could be the fundamental focal point of a pedophile. Guardians ought not be dressing their young ladies so proactively. There have been reports of youngsters that have been explicitly manhandled. These examines have indicated that the sexualisation of kid magnificence shows is a contributing component to the maltreatment. Kid magnificence shows send improper messages to little youngsters about how they should act in the public eye. Youngster excellence event hopefuls are instructed that on the off chance that you look beautiful, you win prizes. These young ladies are placed in tremendous frilly dresses, given phony hair pieces, covered in cosmetics, and are as of now getting splash tans. Their creating brains will discover that being pretty is the best thing to be throughout everyday life. A young lady named Daisey Mae was on Toddlers and Tiaras. She was 8 years of age and she said â€Å"Facial magnificence is the mostâ important thing in life.† That is actually what I’m discussing. These young ladies grow up learning one ability: how to be beautiful. Ladies went through more than 72 years battling to be seen and heard as something beyond a pretty face. In the course of recent years, there has been a 270% expansion in the quantity of young ladies being hospitalized for dietary issues. A portion of these young ladies are as youthful as 7 years of age. A considerable lot of the young ladies with dietary problems have them in light of self-perception. Excellence show young ladies are getting anorexic to make sure they can be pretty and win trophies. Kid excellence shows is totally unsatisfactory. Youngsters ought to be on play areas and messing around. Not wearing make up and having counterfeit tans. What's more, to not be decided for what they look like. I accept that youngster excellence exhibitions ought not place little youngsters in such circumstances. Youngster excellence events ought not be permitted.

3 Books to Read If You Liked THE AMERICANS

3 Books to Read If You Liked THE AMERICANS As of last week, The Americans is overat least for a few months. The FX series, which premiered in January, tells the story of a pair of KGB agents trained to live as ordinary Americans while performing missions to undermine the United States during the late Cold War. In addition to showing us a (homicidal) side of Keri Russell that Felicity never offered, the series is a surprisingly effective amalgam of suspenseful spy tale and domestic drama. But the first season is over, and Elizabeth and Philip have slithered back into hiding. So what is a bookish fan to do? Well, you could give these books a shot (to be clear, I mean you should try them, not stab them with a syringe full of paralytic poison): The Charm School  by Nelson DeMille This ones obvious, but that doesnt mean its not an excellent choice. In The Americans, we heard snippets of conversation about the mysterious Center that handled Elizabeth and Philip, and we saw occasional flashbacks to their training. This 1988 thriller goes much further into the training. Classic DeMille in his spy mode, the novel begins with a cool settingthe camp where the Soviet Union has been using kidnapped Americans to train soon-to-be undercover KGB operativesbefore blowing it up (figurativelymostly) with a team of plucky American spies. The Charm School lacks the humane complexity that made The Americans so surprisingly good. (You wont find DeMilles characters sitting down to an awkward family dinner.) But its certainly damned fun, and a nice distraction while we wait for the more complicated world of The Americans to return. Within the Context of No Context by George W. S. Trow Fun in a very different, much weirder way, Within the Context of No Context  is a lovely, disorienting manifesto about American mass culture at the very moment The Americans depicts. (The book version also includes a more personal, introductory essay, as well.) Published originally in the New Yorker in 1980, Within is a bracing critique of the effects of television on American life. Television is the force of no-history, and it holds the archives of the history of no-history, Trow writes early on. Television is a mystery. This might seem an idiosyncratic choice as a followup to a spy show. And I suppose it is. But what better way to understand and explore a television show about the early 1980s than a book on television from the early 1980s? Its meta-tastic! Seriously, though, reading Within in the wake of The Americans gives you a chance to explore the historical context the show depicts while at the same time giving you an opportunity to reflect on the way television has shaped all of our lives, for good and, perhaps especially, for ill.   Anthropology of an American Girl by Hilary Thayer Hamann For my money, one of the most interesting aspects of The Americans was the full-fledged character the show created for Elizabeth and Philips teenage daughter, Paige. (It appears to have taken a page, so to speak, from another secret-espionage show, Homeland, which also centrally features a complex adolescent girl character.) Even amidst the murderous geopolitics of the Cold War, the show takes Paiges feelings and needs and choices, as small-scale and intimate as they usually are, very seriously. Judging by the final moments of the season finale, Paiges role may only be getting bigger, so it makes sense to try to get inside her head a bit during the break. The hugely acclaimed Anthropology of an American Girl also offers a portrait of a teenage girl at the beginning of the 1980s. Hamanns protagonist, Eveline, isnt Paige, of course. Shes a few years older, at 17, and her experiences are darker. (Shes raped, for example, rather than maybe-almost-raped, like Paige.) By all accounts sharp ly observed, Hamanns book offers a world of possibilities The Americans cant quite manage, since I guess it does need to deal with all the spy stuff, too. And, at nearly 600 pages,  it might fill some time until The Americans comes back. _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter or like us on Facebook. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Articles of Confederation Essay - 866 Words

The Articles of Confederation In the 1770’s, as America’s great thinkers and writers were declaring their desire for independence; they also established a committee to lay the foundation for the American form of government. These brilliant writers and philosophers hesitantly began designing the national level of government for use in America and named their final draft the Articles of Confederation . Out of their utter distrust of a centralized government, due to their association with the English monarchial system, the drafters deliberately established these articles as a loose confederation of states, rather than a firmly united nation. Life under the Articles of Confederation was filled with hardships and uncertainty, and the†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, they institutionalized systems of local government, and public education . Moreover, while accomplishing all this, the congress managed to keep the national economy afloat. This proved to be an enormous feat because the economy was suffering from the loss of colonial privileges. These major achievements were all accomplished despite the inherent flaws in the basic structure of the Confederation government. The Articles of Confederation created a unicameral Confederation Congress, with each state having only one vote. On most political matters this legislative body required the approval of 9 out of 13 states to ratify any proposed Congressional intention. In Article 13, the Articles declared that in order to ratify an amendment to the Articles the consent of all 13 states were required . This left the national government, running through the Confederation Congress, powerless and unable to proceed with the most trivial matters of politics. The Confederation Government, under the Articles, lacked an executive and judicial branch. This caused Congress to be severely handicapped when it came to the enforcement of her requests. This lack of an executive, coupled with the Congress’s negated power of taxation, caused a crippling financial difficulties. The Congress, having only enough power to request essential national fundsShow MoreRelatedArticles Of The Articles Confederation961 Word s   |  4 PagesThe Articles of the Confederation The Articles of Confederation was ratified on March 1, 1781. It limited Congress’s influence and power over the colonies, but allowed them to manage foreign relations or Indian affairs, coin money, maintain a postal service and as a last solution, intervene with any disputes between the states. After the Revolution, Americans wanted to avoid tyrannical or monarchy government, therefore letting each state rule over themselves would eliminate having to report to higherRead MoreArticles On The Articles Of Confederation1069 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Articles of Confederation, which was addressed in the Constitution. The paper will cover the how the Constitution addressed the complaints in the Declaration of Independence. Another topic of the paper will be the Great Compromise and how the representation of states in Congress was determined. Finally, the paper will view the treatment of slaves for the purpose of representation and the effects thereof. Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation Early weaknesses in the Articles of ConfederationRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pageswas written 18 years after America won independence from England on July 4, 1776. This lead to the creation of the â€Å"Articles of Confederation† which were made primarily for the people because they feared central government having all power. Then at The Annapolis Convention (1786) is where the groundworks of â€Å"The U.S. Constitution† were discussed to replace the â€Å"Articles of Confederation†. The following year the Constitution was composed on September 17, 1787. The idea of the constitution was seen asRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation593 Words   |  2 Pages The Articles of Confederation was first written in 1777. It was passed by the Confederation of Congress. Congress decided that they needed a firm government to organize the states as a whole. At least that was their primary goal. Since each state had separates rules. The Articles of Confederation was later ratified by each state in 1781. It was â€Å"America’s first federal constitution† (Keene 138). The confederation had a few strengths but many weaknesses. The nation faced many economic and politicalRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesTo have more power than what is normally allowed, would that not be similar to that of a dictator? The issue of power in America goes all the way back to the creation of the Articles of Confederation. As history shows, that syste m ended in a complete failure because of how scattered it was on top of the power each state possessed. This was a huge problem for the country, so by March 4th, 1789, the United States Constitution went into effect and changed America forever. It addressed most problemsRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation2202 Words   |  9 PagesWith the dilemma of revising the failures of the Articles of Confederation, a group of people known as the Federalists; wrote a bundle of essays for the proposal of a new Constitution, also known as the Federalist Papers. The proposal of the U.S. Constitution was originally rejected by the anti-Federalists who opposed the idea of having a Constitution. In order convince those who were in opposition of the revising the previous Articles of Confederation with a new Constitution, James Madison, AlexanderRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica, our government has been defined by two very important docum ents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislativeRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words   |  6 Pagesand who would enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the governmentRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesConstitutional Convention, Washington’s presidency, or the three branches of government; the Articles of Confederation were created. This fledgling government, proposed in 1777, was doomed to never take flight, being replaced in 1789, when the Constitution was effected under Washington. This raises the question: Why did the United States discard The Articles of Confederation for the Constitution? Ultimately, the Articles were simply a weak form of government. However, economic issues, difficulty of ratificationRead MoreE ssay on The Articles of Confederation523 Words   |  3 Pagesmaintaining order. However, the first document crafted by the founding fathers, the Articles of Confederation, did preserve the country new found independence but it did not maintain order. The Articles of Confederation described by many founding fathers to be a document that was crafted to satisfy needs of every state for its ratification, even when the document did not present a responsible democracy. The Articles of Confederation granted all national powers to the congress; however, it allowed each state

The Positive And Negative Effects Of Uniforms - 1316 Words

The Positive and Negative Effects Uniforms have on Students In a society that is so fixed on obeying the laws of the constitution, one situation remains untouched. By the school systems making children wear a certain outfit in order to fit in with their peers, they are putting stress on each one of their individual rights. There is no proof rather uniforms work or not, but from my research I can conclude that it is in the schools best interest to not have uniforms. Forcing kids to wear uniforms is not just wrong, but it is unconstitutional. When children are forced to wear uniforms, it is the same thing as trying to make them all the same. By changing how a kid dresses, does not change who they are. All it does is mask the originality and individuality each individual kid has. Every religion is different and it is practically impossible to make a uniform to fit every religion type. Therefore making it impossible to have a valid uniform that works for everyone. Most school officials think that uniforms will solve a young adult’s misbehavior, but in reality the solution is much deeper than the material a child wears on his or her back. America is based on the constitution; in the constitution it says we are free. The word free does not exclude when we are at school. Yet, some school executives decisions however are bending the rules that the fathers of our country wrote to keep society in a mannerly conduct order. David Brunsma, the author of The School UniformShow MoreRelatedEssay about Dress Codes in School can Decrease Bullying823 Words   |  4 Pages The Effect of Dress Code in Schools Dress code is put into place to keep students from being bullied for how they dress and how some people may treat them different depending on what they wear. There is a lot of evidence that show students losing time in the class room because they are too worried about there personal apparel. David Brunsma, a sociologist who wrote Uniforms in Public Schools: A Decade of Research and Debate in 2005, says, â€Å"Dress codes and school uniforms increase school safetyRead MoreThe Issue Of Mandatory School Uniforms953 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of mandatory school uniforms is one that has gained a lot of traction in the recent years. As you could imagine proponents of school uniforms will say that it increases graduation rates and decreases school violence. Opponents of it will say that it restricts freedom of expression, and is way to further restrict students’ rights. In a world where we are continually being restricted on our rights the positives of mandatory uniforms does not outweigh the negatives, because restricted kids’ mindsRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms717 Words   |  3 Pages The idea of school uniforms has been a vital point within school districts for a long time now. As a parent with two kids within the school system, it is a popular trend amongst schools as both my children’s schools require for their student to wear uniform. Howev er, more recently, students as well as parents are beginning to disagree with the enforcement with school uniforms as they believe uniforms are possibly taking away the right of self-expression for students. Although this is a valid complaintRead MoreSchool Uniforms1506 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Uniforms Help Students Make the Grade On February 24 of 1996 when President Bill Clinton made a speech at the Jackie Robinson Academy in Long Beach California he stated â€Å"This remarkable progress that you have shown in your school as a result of your school uniform policy, making it safe, more disciplined and orderly, creates teachers who focus on teaching and students who focus on their job of learning† (Bily, 2014 p.5). The school dress code debate is not new and the beliefRead MoreSchool Uniforms And The School Uniform1422 Words   |  6 Pages Most of schools have different policies regarding the school uniforms. There was increase in the school that ask their students to wear a uniform. However, the benefits of the school uniform still unclear for many people. So, the researches conduct research about the actual benefit of the school uniform. Some of the research show there are a relationship between the school uniform and the overall student behavior, safety, and achievements. Many researches follow different method to collect theirRead MoreOver The Past Years, Most Public School Administrators1385 Words   |  6 Pagesschool students should put on school uniforms or not. This important argument has drawn the attention of both liberal thinkers and conservatives. From one far end, a section of the society feels that public school students school have the freedom to put on their clothing of choice while the other section feels that there should be uniformity in the public-school attire. Based on such contradicting opinions, there is need to focus on the issue of school uniforms in public schools. This essay seeksRead MoreHow Literacy Is Used On The Nation s Literacy1113 Words   |  5 Pages50 states, it is still controversial. While it has positive effects such as uniform state education and better preparing students for college and post high school life, it also has negative effects such as too high an emphasis on testing and a lack of depth and diversity in the material. In theory, Hirsch’s ideas on education are good;but overall, the negative effects outweigh the positives. The common core allows for America to have uniform state education, which helps traveling students andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Uniforms In Schools845 Words   |  4 Pages School uniforms: a debate that has been tossed back and forth for years now. The percentage of schools that necessitate uniforms and the percentage of the ones that do not are approximately equal. This conveys a dispute that is difficult to find a definite solution for, due to the ambiguous negatives and positives being drawn between both arguments. Uniforms being a part of school systems became widespread first after Long Beach, California implemented them into their elementary and middle schoolsRead MoreSchool Uniforms777 Words   |  4 PagesMost teenagers think that wearing uniforms is a waste of time and that it shouldnt be mandatory. There are many positive and negative effects but I believe that school uniforms should be mandatory. There are many advantages such as peer equivalency, self esteem, easi er for parents, and also stress reducing. There are also some questionable disadvantages such as lack of self expression, demeaning morale, and lack of diversity. Teenagers of this day and age belong in the age group where peer pressureRead More Uniforms in Schools Essay541 Words   |  3 PagesUniforms in Schools School uniforms in public schools are becoming increasingly popular across the nation. The public school system would benefit greatly if this policy were to be adopted. Opposition is always a factor when trying to make changes. Taking all things into consideration, the positive effects would be far greater than the negative effects. School uniforms should be required in public schools because their use would lead to higher education, less violence, and lower cost to parents

A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy Free Essays

In both Macbeth and Romeo ND Juliet, the demise of the namesake protagonists is prelude in the early parts of the play. In Romeo and Juliet, the audience Is made aware that the two will die by the chorus In the prologue – the relationship Is called a â€Å"death-marked love† – 1 and this Is done similarly In Macbeth with an apparently saying he would be conquered under certain circumstances – the apparition states, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birdman Wood to high Adenosine Hill Shall come against him†. The tragic genre complicates the ritual of death by laying out a perceived path of success for he protagonists – e. We will write a custom essay sample on A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. Romeo and Juliet to get married, and Macbeth to remain king – which finally leads to their death and therefore provides a prelude to death. The tragedy genre also complicates the space of death due to the nature of the plays – the nature of the plays are so to entertain and this is done through tools such as irony and paradoxes that complicate the space of death, amongst other things. The spaces in which the protagonists die have significant relevance to their development as characters throughout the play. The key characteristic of a Shakespearian tragedy Is death. Coupled with the contrasting story line to the comedies – comedies have an ascending story line, usually ending in marriage, whilst tragedies have a descending story line, usually ending in death – it (death) is the key component that sets the two apart. The tragic genre complicates this ritual through the core fact of it being a genre of stage performance – which by definition, exists to entertain audiences. This paper adopts the view that similarly as Shakespearian comedies reach their crescendo through a marriage, that tragedies reach their crescendo through the death of the/a main hereafter(s). Therefore, just as comedies centre around two lovers trying their utmost to get married – In a Midsummer Night’s Dream Lessened and Hermit fled Athens in order to get married – tragedies centre around a protagonist (or protagonists) who try equally as hard to attain that which will never be theirs – Macbeth trying to remain king of Scotland and Romeo and Juliet to get married. Thus, this plot development utilized by Shakespeare must use death in as many ways as is conceivable in order Macbeth to die of a heart attack in the third act. With regards to death being such an integral part of tragedies, A. C. Bradley remarked, â€Å"It is remarkable that almost all the scenes which at once recur to memory take place either at night or in some dark spot†. 3 The complication of death in Macbeth is thus two-fold. Death is built up to be something dark throughout the play, a menacing enigma. However Machete’s death brings hope and light, thus contrasting the darkness. This is evident after he is killed when Macadam exclaims, â€Å"Behold where stands the usurper’s cursed head. The time is free†. 4 This implicates not only death but also the play as a whole. Previous deaths in the play, such as that of King Duncan and Banquet, were done for reasons of self-gain and self- preservation respectively on behalf of Macbeth. However Machete’s death was done for the betterment of the kingdom of Scotland. This complicates the ritual of death in the context of the play by providing it with another dimension. As Bradley remarked, the play in general is dark and the deaths preceding Machete’s were dark, by virtue of the already-mentioned reasons behind them. This creates a ritual – a series of actions or type of behavior regularly and invariably followed – 5 of death for the play and therefore the killing of Macbeth, which has been established as not being dark as it ushered out his tyrannical rule, complicates that ritual. This complication relates to the point raised in paragraph two, whereby it can be seen that the complication itself exists for the improvement of the play as a spectacle. For example, Macbeth might have been murdered by his wife so that she may gain power, instead of by Macadam to restore order. This complication of the ritual of death is also evident in Romeo and Juliet whereby he deaths prior to Romeo and Gullet’s come as a result of the feud between the Montague and the Capsules. Romeo and Gullet’s death does not come out of that feud but out of love for each other. This was similarly the case in Macbeth, as his death came not out of self-gain or self-preservation, but out of necessity for the kingdom of Scotland. Their death (Romeo and Juliet) ultimately stops the rivalry between the two families, as Machete’s death stopped the war and his rule. In both instances, we see the final death in a contrasting light to preceding deaths, with an equally contrasting effect. Naturally, the role of Shakespeare as the author is significant as the protagonists themselves shaped their deaths in both Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. Not only did they create the figurative space which allowed for them to die, but also the literal space where they died was of their own creation. Shakespearean role in this could be more direct than it initially appears. It draws substantially from the context of the period and place, when and where his plays were originally performed. Romeo and Juliet was first stages at the Theatre’, which was in an area described as being, â€Å"less object to London Jurisdictions†, 6 and this therefore allowed for Shakespearean creativity to blossom – Shakespeare later moved to the Globe, in an area described as a â€Å"fairly lawless environment†. Shakespeare staging his plays away from the gaze of effort and this has been translated into the tragic genre. In Macbeth, Macbeth seems to go increasingly further out of his realm of what is acceptable and what is not and his actions appear Juxtaposed to his character – this is evident in his internal struggle to kill King Duncan, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business/ He hath moored me of late†. 8 One could perceive this as Macbeth leaving the Jurisdiction of his former self into one that is more, for want of a better word, evil. One sees Macbeth becoming increasingly lawless and does things regardless of authority – the fact that he is king does not mean that he should not respect other forms authority. In this regard, Macbeth – as well as Romeo and Juliet, who do so more directly – creates his own space of death, contrasting to the deaths preceding his own e. G. King Duncan was murdered in his bed. Contrasting this, Macbeth actively creates the environment he finds himself in when he loses his life by virtue of wanting to remain king. This is also seen in Romeo and Juliet whereby the love of both main characters sees them willingly choose to meet in the Capsule tomb, which has significance as two youths from both families lost their lives prematurely in a place in existence in order to remember the dead – the death of Romeo and Juliet however, is something both families would rather forget (and this ultimately sees the feud come to an end). This complicates the space of death, for we are lead to believe n both plays that death does not have a set space. However in both plays, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet set their space of death up on their own accord. These instances are when Macbeth, along with his wife, decides to kill King Duncan and when Romeo and Juliet decide to run away. In conclusion, it can be seen from the points raised that the ritual of death is complicated through Shakespearean insertion of the final, perhaps most important death at the end of his tragedies. This final death is contrasted to the deaths that precede it through factors such as motive, repercussions and space. The issue of space and its complication draws its roots from the actual staging of Shakespearean plays on the outskirts of London, where the law had less influence. Figurative comparisons can be drawn from this as one could relate Shakespearean willingness to be away from or above the law to the protagonists in the two plays. What is wholly evident though, is that similarly with death, the notion of space does not remain constant throughout the play. Macbeth, who can be considered the false king, being killed in the castle whereas King Duncan, the true and original king, being killed in he bed of another man raises the issue of space and how Macbeth created his own and King Duncan did not. How to cite A Response to Macbeth and the Rituals of Tragedy, Papers

The Value Of Risk Management Essay example Example For Students

The Value Of Risk Management Essay example Whether it is investing, driving or just walking down the street, everyone exposes himself or herself to risk. Risk is present when future events occur with measurable probability whereas uncertainty exists when the likelihood of future events is indefinite. Expected loss and variability around the expected loss are two common terms that we normally use to describe risk. Although there are consequences associated with it, a rational person will only take the risk if the benefits exceed the cost. In a business risk management, shareholder diversification results in reduction of risk as it potentially substitutes for corporate risk management and insurance. Diversification is somewhat similar to what insurer will do as both of them pool investments to amortize risk. The objective of corporate risk management is to maximize shareholders’ value. The valuation model that is used to assist managers in making investment decisions is simply the value of any investment calculated by su mming its future cash flows discounted at an appropriate rate. Opportunity cost, which is equal to the expected return of an alternative investment having the same risk, is one of the components of cost of capital. Similarly, it is also equivalent to the sum of return on risk free securities and expected return for risk. Riskier cash flows indicate higher risk premium but investors can diversify their risk by dividing the cash flow risk into two components – diversifiable risk and non-diversifiable risk. We will write a custom essay on The Value Of Risk Management example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Risk premium only depends on non-diversifiable risk, which is also commonly known as systematic risk. Also, the total risk of cash flows can be calculated by summing both the diversifiable and non-diversifiable risk. Diversifiable risk does not affect cost of capital but non-diversifiable risk increases cost of capital. Insurance usually lowers diversifiable risk. Hedging and insurance that decrease systematic risk will reduce the opportunity cost of capital. Nevertheless, the counterparty that yields additional systematic risk will demand compensation for bearing the risk because the systematic risk must be borne by someone. However, the cost of paying the counterparty will cause the expected cash flows to fall thus shifting systematic risk. Consequently, opportunity cost of capital and expected cash flows will decline unless all parties value the cost of bearing systematic risk equally, then the two effects will balance each other and thus, the firm value will not change. Risks can be categorized in various ways based on purposes. Market risk, credit risk and operational risk are three categories of risk used in Risk Management. Market risk, which is often hedged with derivatives, occurs when market prices change in a given direction. Credit risk is a risk that a counterparty to a financial contract is unable to realize its obligations under the contract and can be hedged with credit derivatives. On the other hand, the operational risk or sometimes called as pure risk, is a risk that summarizes the risks a firm undertakes when it attempts to operate within a given field or industry. Comparatively, pure risks can be large relative to business resources and has minimal opportunity for gain to the enterprise. However, the main problem nowadays is the liquidity risk, which is a risk that a firm will not have sufficient cash to cover its current financial obligations and will become insolvent, especially when credit is not available. Besides, there is also a risk ultimately borne by shareholders which is the risk associated with the values of assets and liabilities where the value of capital is the difference between assets and liability. Loss control, loss financing and internal risk reduction are three methods of managing risks. There are numerous techniques by which risk exposures may be controlled. For instance, risk prevention technique concentrate on reducing the frequency o f losses while risk reduction technique is associated with reducing the severity of a loss when it occurs. Besides that, hold harmless and indemnity agreement are also one of the effective methods to transfer risk between two parties. The hold harmless agreement occurs when the indemnitor agrees to hold the indemnitee harmless from tort liability arising out of the indemnitor’s negligent act or omission. .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f , .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .postImageUrl , .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f , .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:hover , .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:visited , .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:active { border:0!important; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:active , .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51b73cd2ed898ba7bb5dba82aa6d907f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Risks Of A Risk Management Program EssayAlthough quite similar with the hold harmless agreement, an indemnity agreement is an arrangement when one party agrees to pay the other party for any damages regardless who is at fault. Additionally, the party who holds harmless another party is commonly required to purchase insurance or obtain a letter of credit. In vicarious liability, principal is liable for the damages caused by an agent while performing duties for the principal. Rationally, this gives principal incentives to choose agents wisely. The difference between an employee and an independent contractor is that if a person performs services that can be controlled by an e mployer, then that person is not an independent contractor. Legally, employers are not vicariously liable for their independent contractors but with certain exceptions made today, employers can use it to hold them liable. As risk imposes a lot of costs on business and individuals, tradeoffs must be made. Large losses, which are one of the components of cause of risk, can affect indirect losses. Hence, reducing the probability of large losses can lessen indirect losses. Therefore, managers need to consider reduction in expected indirect losses when making risk management decisions. Diversification also has an effect on both direct and indirect losses. Although expected direct losses does not change when diversification occurs, expected indirect losses decreases when diversification occurs because it reduces the maximum probable loss. Insurance involves paying a premium to the insurer, which consists of pure premium and premium loading. However, insurance is actually a tradeoff for corporations. If a firm is not insured, then there will be an increase in the likelihood of having to raise a new capital. Although raising external capital is costly, if uninsured loss exceeds available internal funds, company can issue equity or borrow against future cash flows to pay the loss if it occurs. Hence, managers must compare premium loading to the expected cost of raising new funds when deciding whether to purchase insurance. Besides, insurance also decreases the likelihood of bankruptcy. Probability of bankruptcy adversely affects the terms at which other claimants contract with the firm. Claimants might require compensation for the expected costs that they would incur if the firm went bankrupt. Other claimants require compensation for the risk of financial distress because they are risk averse and not diversified. Hence, it can be seen that insurance improved the contractual terms between the insurance company and the firm. By decreasing the likelihood of financial distress, the contractual terms with other claimants can be improved and investment incentives of owners of firms may result in underinvestment or overinvestment. Incentive to pass up good projects is considered as underinvestment while incentive to adopt risky bad projects is considered as overinvestment. Buying insurance can decrease the likelihood of financial distress. It decreases the likelihood of underinvestment and overinvestment problem in risky assets. Moreover, insurance also helps to reduce expected tax payments because taxes on earnings with insurance are less than expected taxes without insurance. A firm will have a lower taxable income when tax rate is high and increase taxable income when tax rate is low. Essentially, insurance transfers income to years when firm is taxed at a lower rate. However, it does have an effect on financial accounting. Firms will have more volatile reported income and balance sheet numbers. Less volatility might make assessing managers easier. Above all, by diminishing diversifiable risk, the firm does not only lessen risk for diversified shareholders but also increases shareholder value by reducing the costs of obtaining services and expected tax payments. Management compensation contracts, market for corporate control, monitoring shareholders with large stakes and major creditors may be the several factors that would be expected to motivate managers to maximize shareholder value. But major creditors only rely on the credit rating agencies to monitor the creditworthiness of bonds and similar securities issued by firms. In order to issue bonds and other securities, firms have them rated by one of the three rating agencies – Standard Poor’s, Moody’s or Fitch. However, these rating agencies have done a very poor job and have been driven by profits and a divergence of interest only.